Resumo O manejo e o uso de espécies nativas em condições de laboratório são as principais dificuldades para a proposta de uso de espécies em bioensaios. O presente estudo mostrou os resultados acerca do manejo sob condições controladas de Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae), espécie partenogenética com ampla distribuição geográfica. Foram obtidos seus ovos de um rio pré-andino da região de Araucanía (39º S) e determinadas as condições para criação de larvas sob alimentação artificial, obtenção de adultos (manipulação), de ovos (sincronização de eclosão) e de larvas após a eclosão. O ciclo de vida de P. grimmii teve larvas que, ao final dos 23 dias, atingiram o estágio de pupa (estágio I a IV). O adulto depositou nas 48 horas seguintes os ovos que eclodiram às 72 horas. Foram estabelecidas condições laboratoriais: temperatura da sala de incubação, pH da água e alimentação artificial, fotoperíodo e técnicas de manejo de larvas e ovos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, foram gerenciados todos os ciclos de vida em condições de laboratório que podem propor o uso dessa espécie como material biológico potencial para bioensaios de toxicidade.

Abstract The management and use of native species under laboratory conditions is the main difficult for species proposal for its use in bioassays. The present study showed the results about management under controlled conditions of Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae), that is a parthenogenetic species with wide geographical distribution. It obtained its eggs from a pre Andean river from Araucania region (39° S), and it determined the conditions for larval rearing under artificial food, adults getting (manipulation), eggs (hatching sincronization) and larvae getting after hatching. The P.grimmii life cycle had larvae that late 23 days in get the pupa stage (stage I to IV), the adult within the next 48 hours deposits the eggs that hatched at 72 hours. It stablished laboratory conditions: incubation room temperature, water pH, and artificial feeding, photoperiod and larvae and eggs management techniques. In according to obtained results it managed all life cycles under laboratory conditions that can propose the use of this species as potential biological material for toxicity bioassays.

Resumo As costas rochosas no Chile têm uma ampla diversidade de espécies de invertebrados, que incluem espécies com abundância marcada em determinadas regiões. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o padrão de distribuição espacial em diferentes espécies de invertebrados marinhos na costa rochosa da região de Araucanía, considerando se essas espécies possuem padrões aleatórios, uniformes ou associados, e extrapolar se esses padrões possuem distribuição binomial de Poisson, binomial ou negativa. respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram a presença principalmente de moluscos gastrópodes que pastam em algas bentônicas, estas espécies têm principalmente agregado padrão que tem um padrão robusto de distribuição binomial negativa, padrão agregado de grupos, e a fauna de água doce que apresenta distribuição binomial negativa. Outros tópicos ecológicos sobre distribuição espacial foram discutidos.

Abstract The rocky shores in Chile have a wide invertebrate species diversity, that include species with marked abundances in determined regions. The aim of the present study is to analyse the spatial distribution pattern in different marine invertebrate species in rocky shore of Araucania region, considering if these species have random, uniform or associated patterns, and extrapolate if these patterns have Poisson, binomial or negative binomial distribution respectively. The results revealed the presence mainly of gastropods molluscs that would graze on benthic algae, these species have mainly aggregated pattern that has a robust negative binomial distribution pattern. The obtained results agree with observations for marine benthic fauna that mentioned the presence of aggregated pattern, has negative binomial distribution. Other ecological topics about spatial distribution were discussed.

Resumo A toxicidade aguda (LC50-96h) de amônia deionizada (NH3 ) em Babosas-da-Patagônia (Eleginops maclovinus) juvenis foi avaliada. As concentrações de sal de amônia deionizada em água foram preparados com 24,09 ± 2,1 g de cloreto de amônio (NH4Cl). Os peixes foram expostos em triplicata a diferentes concentrações de amônia: 0,05; 0,094; 0,175; 0,325 e 0,605 mg L-1 de NH3. Além disso, um grupo de controle foi incluído. Peixes experimentais foram mantidos em fotoperíodo de 16: 8h. As temperaturas médias foram 16,24 + 1,40 °C. A concentração de oxigênio foi 16.24 +1.40°C mg L-1 . O pH da água foi de 7,89 + 0,2. h LC50-96h, foi estimada usando o método estatístico de Probit (intervalos de 95%) usando o software EPA (1993). E. maclovinus juvenis apresentaram uma LC 50-96h de 0.413mg NH3 L-1 valor diferente da maioria das espécies marinhas. Este estudo apresenta o primeiro registro de toxicidade amónio em espécies marinhas do Chile.

Abstract Deionized ammonium (NH3) acute toxicity (LC50-96h) in Patagonian blenny juveniles (Eleginops maclovinus) was assessed. Concentrations of deionized ammonium in salt water were prepared by using 24.09 ± 2.1 g ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Fish were exposed in triplicates to different ammonium concentrations: 0.05; 0.094; 0.175; 0.325 and 0.605 mg NH3 L-1. Additionally, a control group was included. Experimental fish were kept at a photoperiod of 16:8h. Average temperatures were 16.24 ± 1.40 °C. Oxygen concentration was 7.16 ± 0.40 mg L -1. Water pH was 7.89 ± 0.2. LC50-96 h, was estimated by using Probit statistical method (95% intervals) using EPA software (1993). Juveniles of E. maclovinus showed a LC50-96h of 0.413mg NH3 L-1 value, different from most marine species. This study presents the first record of ammonium toxicity in marine species of Chile.

Macrophytes of inland waters are a group of great biological interest. Although lentic systems are ideal for their growth, their presence is not so evident in oligotrophic water bodies, proliferating largely in areas with some level of contamination. A useful tool to determine the presence of a regulatory factor in the composition of these and other biological communities is the use of null models. This analysis was applied based on the co-occurrence of species through a matrix of presence and absence, with the purpose of determining the presence of randomness in species associations. The three models tested, determined the presence of regulatory factors in the case of lagoons, whereas just only one lake showed the same result. We discussed aspects of the possible factors that are determining the macrophyte assemblage and topics on the floristic composition of these water bodies.

Las macrófitas de aguas continentales son un grupo de gran interés biológico. Si bien los sistemas lénticos son ideales para su crecimiento, su presencia es poco notoria en cuerpos de agua oligotróficos, proliferando en gran medida en áreas con algún nivel de contaminación. Una herramienta útil para determinar la presencia de un factor regulador en la composición de éstas y otras comunidades biológicas son los modelos nulos. Se aplicó este análisis basado en la co-ocurrencia de especies mediante una matriz de presencia y ausencia, con la intención de determinar la presencia de azarosidad en las asociaciones de especies. Los tres modelos puestos a prueba determinaron la presencia de factores reguladores para el caso de las lagunas. Para los lagos, sólo uno de ellos mostró este mismo resultado. Se discuten aspectos sobre los posibles factores que están determinando el ensamble de macrófitas y tópicos sobre la composición florística de estos cuerpos de agua.

Objectives: To describe the subjective cure rate, the score of the Sandvik test and the complications after la-paroscopic Burch in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods: Prospective descriptive study. We included all patients diagnosed with SUI Blaivas type IIB, and operated on by laparoscopy in two reference institutions between 2003 and 2007. Results: We analyzed 72 patients with an average age of 46.57 ± 9.54 years. The average follow-up was 24.4 months, with a minimum of 9 and a maximum of 55.8. The average operating time in 29 patients in which we only performed laparoscopic Burch with or without colpo-rrhaphy was 93.7 minutes (55-180 minutes); 56 patients (77.8%) reported subjective cure. The Sandvik's severity index found 56.9% dry patients and 13.8% with mild losses. Conclusion: The laparoscopic management may be useful in some patients, especially those who will be carried to laparoscopy by some other indication. Subjective cure rates are similar to other types of surgery.

Objetivos: Conocer las complicaciones, las tasas de cura subjetiva y valoración con el índice de severidad de Sandvik a largo plazo de pacientes en quienes se realizó cistouretropexia laparoscópica tipo Burch para la corrección de su incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE). Método: Análisis descriptivo, retrospectivo. Nivel de evidencia III. Se incluyeron las pacientes con diagnóstico de IUE tipo Blaivas IIB, a quienes se les practicó Burch laparoscópico en la Clínica del Prado y Profamilia Medellín, entre los años 2003 y 2007. Las variables principales a evaluar fueron edad, tiempo quirúrgico, cura subjetiva, índice de severidad de Sandvik y complicaciones. Resultados: Se analizaron 72 pacientes con promedio de edad de 46,57 ± 9,54 años. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 24,4 meses (rango: 9,0-55,8 meses). El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 79,83 minutos (rango: 44-160 minutos). Refirieron cura subjetiva 56 pacientes (77,8%). El índice de severidad de Sandvik muestra que a largo plazo 56,9% pacientes estaban secas con remisión completa de los síntomas y el 13,8% pacientes tenían pérdidas leves. Conclusiones: El Burch laparoscópico es una opción efectiva para el manejo de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo tipo Blaivas IIB. Provee tasas de curación subjetiva a largo plazo similares a otros tipos de tratamiento. Es una opción más a tener en cuenta en el manejo de la IUE, en especial aquellas pacientes con patologías asociadas que se beneficien del abordaje por laparoscopia.

Objective: To describe the results of a group of patients in which total laparoscopic hysterectomy was done as an outpatient procedure. Methods: We included 297 patients who were undergone to laparoscopic total hysterectomy, and were discharge to their home after recovery of anesthesia from may 2007 to march 2008. It was necessary to have a punctuation less than 5 in the analogue visual scale to be sent at home. Results: Mean age was 42 years, surgical time 79.1 minutes, estimated blood loss 37.1 ml, overall length of stay 9.4 hours, postoperative length of stay 5.4 hours. Postoperative complication rate was 11.8%, readmission rate was 3.3%. Mean VAS Score for pain during the first night was 4.2 points; 6% of patients vomited at home. Mean VAS Score for satisfaction with ambulatory management was 9.5, and 99% of the patients would recommend this type of management. Conclusions: Ambulatory management after total laparoscopic hysterectomy is possible, safe and well evaluated by patients. It does not impose a higher risk of complications and readmission rate is low.

Objetivo: Describir los resultados de la histerectomía laparoscópica total ambulatoria. Método: Se analizan 297 pacientes sometidas a histerectomía laparoscópica total y que fueron dadas de alta luego de la recuperación anestésica, entre mayo de 2007 y marzo de 2008. Se requería una puntuación de menos de 5 en la escala visual análoga del dolor para el alta. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 42 años, el tiempo quirúrgico de 79,1 minutos, el sangrado estimado fue de 37,1 ml, el tiempo promedio de estancia total fue de 9,4 horas con un tiempo promedio de estancia postoperatoria de 5,4 horas. La tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias fue de 11,8% y la de readmisiones del 3,3%. El promedio de Escala Visual Análoga del dolor para la primera noche fue de 4,2 puntos. El 6% de las pacientes presentaron vómitos en su domicilio. El 99% de las pacientes recomendarían este tipo de manejo. Conclusiones: El manejo ambulatorio después de histerectomía laparoscópica total es posible, seguro y bien evaluado por las pacientes. Este manejo no conlleva un mayor riesgo de complicaciones y la tasa de readmisiones es baja.

Objective: To compare the learning curve in total laparoscopic hysterectomy (HLT) from four gynecologists in the Clínica del Prado, Medellín, Colombia. To determine the number of surgeries required to achieve an average surgical time of 90 minutes, to reduce laparoconversions to 3% or less and to reduce total complications to less than 10%. Method: We performed a prospective cohort study including 626 patients operated by four gynecologists laparoscopist with similar technique and surgical equipment. We made four groups of patients according to the order in the cases of each one. Results: The mean operative time of 93 minutes is achieved with the first 50 HLT. Doing 50-100 HLT, laparoconversions rates low to 1.9%. The complication rate in the sum of first and second cohort is 19.4% and the total complication rate in third cohort is 8.7% (RR: 0.45; 95%CI 0.26-0.78) which remains in the desired limit (10%) in fourth cohort. Conclusions: HLT learning curve to achieve an average surgical time of 90 minutes is achieved with the first 50 hysterectomies. Despite the methodological limitations this study, shows that to achieve máximum expertise, it takes between 50-100 hysterectomies to achieve laparoconversions less than 3%, and between 100-150 hysterectomies to achieve total complications lower than 10%.

Objetivos: Comparar la curva de aprendizaje en histerectomía laparoscópica total (HLT) de 4 ginecólogos en la Clínica del Prado, Medellín, Colombia. Determinar el número de cirugías necesarias para alcanzar un tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 90 minutos, disminuir la laparoconversiones a un 3% o menos y disminuir las complicaciones totales a menos del 10%. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo que incluyó 626 pacientes operadas por 4 ginecólogos laparoscopistas con técnica y equipamiento quirúrgico similar. Se formaron 4 grupos de pacientes de acuerdo al orden en la casuística de cada uno de ellos. Resultados: El tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 93 minutos se logra con las primeras 50 HLT. El realizar entre 50-100 HLT baja las tasas de laparoconversión a 1,9%. La tasa de complicaciones en la sumatoria de la primera y segunda cohorte es de 19,4% y la tasa de complicaciones totales en la tercera cohorte es de 8,7% (RR: 0,45; IC95%: 0,26-0,78) la cual permanece en el límite deseado (10%) en la cuarta cohorte. Conclusiones: La curva de aprendizaje en HLT para lograr un promedio de tiempo de cirugía de 90 minutos se logra con las primeras 50 histerectomías. A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas, el presente estudia revela que para lograr la destreza máxima toma entre 50-100 histerectomías para lograr laparoconversiones menores del 3% y entre 100-150 histerectomías para lograr complicaciones totales inferiores a 10%.